Personal Impressions

This book consists of portraits of people whom Isaiah Berlin, in almost every case, knew personally. Some, such as Chaim Weizmann, Felix Frankfurter, and Aldous Huxley, are very well known. The portraits focus on personal characteristics rather than achievements and each is written in vivid, highly engaging language that conveys thoughtful impressions of the characteristics that make people interesting or compelling as friends, or statesmen, or contributors to the worlds of learning or the arts. Berlin has keen insights and a very appreciative view of others' personalities, whether they be congenial or prickly. His comments on Pasternak and other Russian writers of the 30's through the 50's show many individuals acting with tact and courage in the face of official intimidation up to and including liquidation. For me, his portraits of Churchill and Roosevelt (he knew neither personally) shed new and very interesting light on how these allies so powerfully affected events in Western society and World War II. (Berlin does not say this directly, but his portraits define Churchill and Roosevelt as quintessential hedgehog and fox, respectively). Just a couple delightful excerpts: Of the historian L.B. Namier:

Hence those who met him were divided into some who looked on him as a man of genius and a dazzling talker and others who fled from him as an appalling bore. He was, in fact, both.

Berlin judges Boris Pasternak to be a genius and explains his criteria:

I can only say this: the dancer Nijinski was once asked how he managed to jump so high. He is reported to have answered that he saw no great problem in this. Most people when they leapt in the air came down at once. "Why should you come down immediately? Stay in the air a little before you return, why not?" he is reported to have said. One of the criteria of genius seems to me to be the power to do something perfectly simple and visable which ordinary people cannot, and know that they cannot do - nor do they know how it is done, or why they cannot begin to do it. Pasternak at times spoke in great leaps; his use of words was the most imaginative I have ever known; it was wild and very moving.

The Hedgehog and the Fox

"The fox knows many little things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing." This fragment from a Greek poet is the starting point for Isaiah Berlin's essay on Tolstoy's view of history, as it is presented in War and Peace. Berlin offers an intriguing interpretation of these characterizations, suggesting that they

mark one of the deepest differences which divide writers and thinkers, and, it may be, human beings in general. For there exists a great chasm between those, on one side, who who relate everything to a single central vision.......and, on the other side, those who pursue many ends, often unrelated and even contradictory.

He further suggests that

The first kind of intellectual and artistic personality belongs to the hedgehogs, the second to the foxes; and without insisting on a rigid classification, we may, without too much fear of contradiction, say that, in this sense, Dante belongs to the first category, Shakespeare to the second; Plato, Lucretius, Pascal, Hegel, Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, Ibsen and Proust are, in varying degrees, hedgehogs; Herodotus, Aristotle, Montaigne, Erasmus, Moliere, Goethe, Pushkin, Balzac, Joyce are foxes.

Because it is amusing to classify authors, colleagues or friends according to this rubric, this part of Berlin's essay is fairly well-known. I started reading this (lengthy) essay many years ago, enjoyed the "game" but then found the following discussion of Tolstoy's view of history to be inpenetrable and put it down. But I had not then read War and Peace!

As my review of War and Peace suggests, I found Tolstoy's views of history interesting, but presented at such length and so argumentatively, that they quickly became an annoying distraction from the narrative - but Berlin is another story! He presents Tolstoy's views in an engaging, fascinating light and offers his own analysis of why it is so difficult to classify Tolstoy as either a fox or a hedgehog.

My recommendation: Read the first three pages of the essay for insight into the intriguing "game" - or read all of War and Peace first, and then enjoy the meat of Berlin's essay!